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May 8, 2012

"Whistle while you work" and other scientific musings on happiness at work

Of late, it seems to me that the only people who whistle while they work are the security personnel in Infosys's Mysore campus trying to get us 'deviant' trainees to walk on the pavements :) And that whistling isnt necessarily because there's a song in their hearts either, is it?!

At a recent conference of industrial/organizational psychologists, I had the good fortune to sit in on a session about happiness at work. There were researchers from several countries, presenting studies on work-family crossover and spillover, the relationship between goal-setting and self-determination theory and other esoteric but immensely interesting (to a geeky organizational scientist like me at least!) research. The one I'll discuss today is on the crucial role that leaders play in ensuring their employees whistle at work.

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May 7, 2012

The Questioning Coach!

I had the opportunity to meet David Peterson, PhD - Director, Executive Coaching and Leadership at Google. I spend much of my day on Google and love its speed in getting me what I want quickly and in a way I can use swiftly.

David's reflections on the difference between a good and a great coach were just as quick to understand and easy to follow. One among his thoughts was what all us coaches need to do all the time and really well - help those we coach to hit the pause button and reflect. His four basic directions of reflection for us to ask questions to get the coachee to think on -

1. Look inward: What is most important to you? What values matter most and how are you manifesting them in what you are trying to achieve?

2. Look outward: What matters most to others? What expectations do they hold that you need to address in order to be successful at your endeavors? How do they perceive you?

3.Look back: What have you been trying to learn and what new things have you tried? What has worked well and what hasn't worked? What have you learned?

4.Look ahead: What will you do differently? What do you need to keep learning? Where are your opportunities to try new things?

If we commit these four to action, then they can spawn off several questions that will help us think every day, week, fortnight, month, quarter and year. I will leave you to discuss what follow-on questions make meaning to you and how often will you think about them. One that has worked for me on a quarterly basis is -

If I was to summarize my learning in the last 6 months into my CV, what would it look like?

In our pace of life, we think time has to be saved and not spent by admiring the bud that blossoms into a flower or the birds chirping. I think that's the wrong thing to do. It's taking a few milliseconds to enjoy such little pleasures that push us into the trap of being so overwhelmed with our current moment we have no time and effort to examine it in the context of the past and the future in terms of our personal and professional development.

What would your questions for yourself be? How often will you ask them and how much time will you give for yourself?

Reference -

 Hernez-Broome, G., & Boyce, L. A. (Eds.). (2010). Advancing executive coaching: Setting the course for successful leadership coaching (pp. 83-101). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

March 29, 2012

Towards building a strategic relationship

To say that building strategic partnerships is critical in sustaining competitive advantage in today's business environment is to state the obvious. At Infosys, we have, through our Infosys 3.0 strategy, underlined the importance of building strategic partnerships with our clients.

 

In our recently concluded strategic planning meeting (STRAP 2012), we had the privilege of listening to the CxO of one of our longest standing clients, Nordstrom. Coming from a very senior executive of a highly respected corporation, and one of our most steadfast clients, his insights on what made Infosys a trusted partner should be considered invaluable. He spoke about three "pillars" necessary for a strategic relationship.

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March 27, 2012

Others know best?!

Throughout history, philosophers, scientists and laypersons have been intrigued by the question of who we 'really' are. Rosenberg (1979) for instance, talked about the self as the sum total of our thoughts, feelings and imaginations as to who we truly are. Some sociologists (e.g. Cooley, 1902) take a more other-centric approach. C.H. Cooley's theory of 'the looking-glass self' for instance, is a model of how we shape our self-identity. In this view, we basically build a self based on how we believe we are perceived by others. Cooley, the proponent, is said to have summarized his theory thus: "I am not what I think I am and I am not what you think I am; I am what I think that you think I am".

Ok, now that you've scratched your head raw, how about taking a step back and thinking about why this all really matters to leaders and leadership??

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March 26, 2012

Play, Work and Scaffolding

"You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation."

-          Plato

 

"An hour of play" is perhaps far-fetched! Yet the quote lets us know that play was appreciated even during the time of Plato.

 

Recently, I was discussing a Serious Game I'm building with a colleague who is also a good friend, and his questions stimulated a myriad of new ideas.  As I spoke about how the gameplay follows the principle of scaffolding - meaning that it provides progressively difficult challenges- his interest seemed to grow.  He was so intrigued that he asked me a few critically important questions:

 

1.      What exactly is the difference between play, games and serious games?

2.      Why do we need to use "scaffolding" and have different challenge levels instead of just one gameplay standard throughout?

   

And the most interesting question he asked me was:

 

3.      What can we learn from the game world that can be applied in real world contexts?

 

A cornucopia of answers poured out of me, far more than the space in this blog provides.  What follows are some snippets of my responses.

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March 22, 2012

Is your team not fast and efficient enough?

How often have we mumbled in exasperation -"they just don't see it the way I do!" , we could have said this to other teams, colleagues, or peers. Much of this exasperation could be due to a difference in mental models. The deeply researched PDF is for the academically inclined, for a practitioner, here are the key thoughts as I see them

For many years, researchers have looked at a "group mind", a reference to how a group seems to think similarly to the members within the groups. While each of us think and act based on the perceptions , beliefs , thoughts and expectations, on occasion all of these could be common across a group and the group thinks and acts in a way that it has one mind. Researchers also differentiate between a group - collection of individuals whose tenure together and division of responsibilities may vary and a team which has many different members who are interdependent on one another. All teams  are groups but all groups are not necessarily teams!

We need to understand team mental models by understanding individual mental models. Mental models of perceptions, beliefs, thoughts and expectations help us make sense of our surroundings, and thereby act and behave. It is therefore vital for leaders to understand the mental models of the team they lead as well as the individuals within it. It really doesn't matter which comes first since today, we frequently learn from our team members as well as our leader.

The authors do a long listing of research on studies that have listed how mental models of a team can affect the speed, flexibility, implementation of a decision. All of these can be affected since mental models could include knowledge about traditions, customs, and other aspects of culture, how people work, decide, and what are standards.  Such models keep changing and therefore that makes it more confusing! They can therefore facilitate and foster success or become show stoppers.

The authors develop an interesting framework for explaining the role of Team Mental Models with an individual's potential, Team capacity, team process, team performance, resources available, leadership, team size and composition and of course, exiting mental models. Mental models are constantly verbalized and the authors underscore the need for such discussions to be taking place.

As leaders increasingly rely on teams below them, when things don't happen the way the leader wants it - in terms of speed or efficiency, exploring the mental model of their groups as well as that of the leaders and acting on the differences in perceptions , beliefs , thoughts and expectations will help in visions getting translated into reality.

 

Reference -

Klimoski, R., & Mohammed, S. (1994). Team mental model: construct or metaphor? Journal of Management, 20(2), 403-437. Elsevier. Retrieved from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0149206394900213

 

 

 

March 15, 2012

Do you encourage dissent?

Research shows that faulty decisions can be avoided in groups with a moderate amount of collective self-efficacy, a can-do mindset and they solve problems more vigilantly. I was recently reading an excellent book by I L Janis Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological study of Foreign Policy Decisions and Fiascoes the book was published in 1972 by Houghton Mifflin, Oxford.

The author looks at how when groups stifled the power of organized dissent within teams, they created horribly wrong errors. The Vietnam War and Pearl Harbor are two examples the authors go into great detail.

I suppose this ability to be comfortable with and dialogue with others who dissent from our thoughts must be very difficult. It certainly is easy for me to like people who agree with me all the time! It's even more tempting for me to work in teams of people like me all the time. This book however, shook me up on that.

I remembered a commentary on a famous debate that took place between two Hindu saints who were from different philosophical streams of thought. The commentator after discussing each sides arguments, reminded the reader on who the real victor in the debate was. It was the one who did not stick to his (or her) stand but amended one's own opinion to reflect shades of the other side as well so that the final solution had a greater appeal to a larger group.

This is easier said than done and I will be excited to hear your thoughts and experiences and of course you can disagree with me but do read the book!

 

March 8, 2012

Women in Leadership

There have been reams written about the idea of women in leadership positions, almost always speaking of the benefits of having more women in such roles, producing research results of how women in leadership have helped improve a company's bottom-line, employee connect or client engagement levels. And therefore the reasoning goes, that companies need to have more women friendly policies and do what is needed to bring them into these positions of leadership.

 

Various studies of women leaders comment on the 'communal' characteristics of strong interpersonal skills, inclusiveness, persuasiveness, concern for the welfare of others, ability to handle adversities, being honest and realistic, being collaborative as the desirable qualities that they get to the workplace leadership roles (which are otherwise replete with leadership styles that are more 'agentic' - assertive, controlling, ambition driven). Remember the concept of the Level 5 leader proposed by Jim Collins - characterized by above all, humility and fierce resolve? To say that women leaders embody all that may be a stretch, but studies show that they are certainly better candidates given the right environment.

 

So that makes it somewhat simple isn't it? If these desirable behaviors were suitably recognized and rewarded, there would naturally be a greater representation of such women leaders at the top! So what accounts for the less than 3% women CEOs and less than 12% women on boards of companies across the world? That these same qualities that organizations desire at the helm of affairs are what derail a woman's career somewhere mid-journey? That these same qualities render them unsuitable to the competitive corporate race for success? That organizations are not quite ready to dismantle the traditional scaffolds of management and leadership ways for newer ways of accommodating such styles?

 

Even the best of our women's initiatives crafted carefully to support the career woman, focus on readying the woman for the intensely competitive, visibility seeking, network driven, individualistic corporate world - telling us how to overcome the odds, to sail through the challenges, to have faith and to persist, showing us examples of women (the handful) who have done it, and exhorting us to live up to the challenge! Showing us ways in which to 'adapt' ourselves to the demands of the leadership challenge. The irony of it.

 

Are we shining the torch in the right direction then? What are we doing about preparing the workplace for a better tomorrow, which has balanced perspectives (not through the affirmative action type of initiatives) and is welcoming of greater diversity in the (selfish) interests of bettering ourselves?

March 6, 2012

Play, Games and Leader Development

 

I have often observed that whenever people talk about the indoor or outdoor games they have played in their childhood (or even as adults) they seem quite energized.  Some of my friends say that the idea of "fair play" was ingrained in them due to all their game/play experiences.  Personally, whenever the learning experiences (even the most mundane one) had elements of play and game, such as discovery and the possibility of winning... to name a few, I have felt deeply engaged and have moved towards mastery in that area. One simple example of making a game out of boring tasks is to turn it into a game where you try to beat one's own record for speed and quality.

 

Perhaps play is the one experience that most human beings share. In his work "Homo Ludens," Huizinga (1955) highlighted the key role of play in building culture. His analysis of culture as a game suggested that play is central to culture - even as play influences and shapes culture, culture too influences play. In a lighter vein, would you say that cricket is central to the Indian culture?

 

Given the importance of games and play, it's not surprising to me or any of my friends that everything is being turned into a game.  There's even a new word for this process - "gamification".

For example, the learners at Khan Academy get rewarded for solving problems and are also awarded special "Sun badges" as they make significant progress in learning.  In essence, "gamification" refers to the creation of game mechanics to spur greater involvement in activities which are usually not categorized as games. Brands such as Xbox, Foursquare, Linkedin, etc. have demonstrated gamification successfully.

Integrating play into business is an aspect that several other companies such as Learning Curve International (now TOMY), Google, Chicago Public Schools, Umpqua Bank, and Threadless, are also engaged in (Brown & Vaughan, 2009; Meyer, 2010).  I'm excited about this trend of attempting to create an innovative, learning work environment that emits higher levels of dedication and involvement from employees and make them passionate about their workspace. In particular, companies such as IBM, Deloitte, and SAP too are using games for motivating employees.

 

You might be interested to know that leadership development initiatives are also addressing play as a useful factor in leadership development (Petriglieri & Wood, 2005; Rafaeli, 2010). I have personally been involved in several development initiatives using nature as a background for learning and can appreciate the combination of play and learning in such initiatives.

 

 

What is your view around the role play should "play" in your own development?  Do you want an element of fun in your leadership development activities?  Is fun and work an alien combination?

 

References:

 

Brown, S., & Vaughan, C. 2009. Play: How it shapes the brain, opens the imaginations, and invigorates the soul. New York: Aevry Penguin Group.

 

Huizinga, J. 1955. Homo ludens: A study of the play element in culture. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

 

Meyer, P. 2010. From workplace to playspace: Innovation, learning, and changing through dynamic engagement. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

 

Petriglieri, G., & Wood, J. D. 2005. Beyond "fun and games": Outdoor activities for meaningful leadership development. In P. Strebel, & T. Keys (Eds.), Mastering executive education: How to combine content with context and emotion: 252-266. London: Financial Times-Prentice Hall

 

Rafaeli, S. 2010. Games are a serious business. In T. Heroti (Ed.), Management leading the way. The Marker, 14 (October).

 

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February 28, 2012

Listening - Can you Hear Me Now?

"The greatest compliment that was ever paid me was when one asked me what I thought, and attended to my answer."

-- Henry David Thoreau

 

You have heard this before. Listening is important. Listening is necessary. People in your life, both personal and professional, have extolled the virtues of listening.  In the event that you have heard them, you might have put listening in that "things to learn and develop" bucket for most of your lifetime.  If you have not, it could be that you do not consider listening to be that important, or perhaps you do have the tools or resources to be a good listener.

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